NUCLEAR ISLANDS

Current International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards do not provide adequate protection against the diversion to military use of materials or technology from certain types of sensitive nuclear fuel cycle facilities. In view of highly enriched uranium's relatively greater ease of use as a nuclear explosive material than plutonium and the significant diseconomies of commercial spent fuel reprocessing, this article focuses on the need for improved international controls over uranium enrichment facilities as the proximate justification for creation of an International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Association (INFCA). In principle, the proposal is equally applicable to alleviating the proliferation concerns provoked by nuclear fuel reprocessing plants and other sensitive nuclear fuel cycle facilities. The INFCA would provide significantly increased nonproliferation assurance to its member states and the wider international community by holding long-term leasehold contracts to operate secure restricted zones containing such sensitive nuclear facilities.     

HEU FUEL CYCLE INVENTORIES AND PROGRESS ON GLOBAL MINIMIZATION

In 2007, 334 nuclear reactors (including for naval propulsion) and isotope production facilities employed highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel or target material. One year of operations at these reactors and facilities required more than 3,100 kilograms (kg) of HEU for naval propulsion, more than 750 kg for research reactors, and 40?–50 kg for isotope production in civilian facilities—in addition to several tons used in other types of reactors. Material with high enrichment levels and low radiation barriers stored or handled in large batches, such as HEU target waste and certain types of fuel from isotope production, research reactors/critical assemblies, and naval fuel, presents serious safety and security concerns. Forty-eight civilian research reactors have converted to low-enriched uranium as a result of a three-decade international effort to minimize HEU use, resulting in a decrease in HEU consumption of 278 kg per year. This article's establishment of baseline measurements for assessing the results of HEU minimization efforts calls for additional focus on the scope and methodology of HEU minimization. Facility decommissioning and dismantling should play a larger role in the future HEU minimization effort, materials with specific weapons-relevant properties should be given higher priority compared to bulk HEU material, and the use of large quantities of weapon-grade HEU fuel for naval propulsion should be reconsidered.     

高海拔下柴油机燃用含氧燃料的试验研究

为解决高海拔地区因缺氧和燃料燃烧不完全造成的发动机动力下降和燃油消耗率增加的问题,将生物柴油以不同体积分数(5%,10%)掺混到柴油中进行发动机台架试验。通过控制发动机进气压力模拟高海拔条件下含氧燃料的燃烧,考察平原和海拔3 000 m地区不同掺混比例的含氧燃料对发动机性能的影响。结果表明:在平原燃用含氧燃料,发动机功率较燃用纯柴油有所降低,且降幅随生物柴油添加量的增加而增大,同时燃油消耗率上升;在海拔3 000 m地区燃用含氧燃料,发动机功率较燃用纯柴油有所增加,且燃油消耗率下降;不管是在平原还是在海拔3 000 m地区,燃用含氧燃料均能够显著降低HC、CO和碳烟排放,但NOx排放有所增加。     

燃汽轮机作为坦克动力的现状与分析

阐述了美国、俄罗斯应用燃汽轮机作为坦克动力的现状。假设将俄罗斯ГТД-1250燃汽轮机及其传动装置装入国产某型坦克动力舱,通过对发动机牵引力和燃油消耗量的计算,并与原型坦克进行对比分析,结果表明：燃汽轮机作为坦克动力在性能上能够满足使用要求。     

柴油机模糊控制设计仿真与分析

针对柴油机难以采用常规PID控制的问题,应用模糊控制理论,对柴油机进行了模糊控制器的设计,在建立的模拟仿真系统上,进行了模糊控制下的柴油机的空载自由加速过程的模拟,并与PID控制下相同过程的速度、扭矩、燃油量随时间变化曲线进行了比较和分析。结果表明：与常规PID控制相比,模糊控制的效果满足要求,能解决柴油机的复杂控制问题。     

浅析加氢精制喷气燃料银片腐蚀的影响因素

硫化氢和元素硫是直接造成加氢精制生产过程中银片腐蚀不合格的物质.从生产环节入手,对汽提效果、非计划停工、原料性质、水、生产设备对3号喷气燃料银片腐蚀的影响进行了分析,并对生产中存在的问题提出了用精制油代替粗汽油作冷回流介质,用氢气代替水蒸气作汽提介质等整改措施.     

发动机运动件质量对燃油消耗率影响的分析

发展了一个发动机运动件质量对燃油消耗率影响的分析公式,进行了实例计算。在发动机设计阶段和发动机实际使用中,可以应用这个公式,估计运动件质量变化所引起的比油耗的相对变化。     

DME—柴油机的一种新型高效洁净燃料

对一种新型含氧清洁燃料DME在柴油机上的应用进行了理论分析,从经济性和环保角度论述了DME的优点,阐明了柴油机燃用DME应解决的关键技术问题.     

嵌银丝贫氧推进剂燃烧特性

采用试验发动机法 ,对嵌银丝铝镁贫氧推进剂的燃烧特性进行了研究 ,得到了低压下嵌银丝铝镁贫氧推进剂的燃烧规律 ,研究了银丝直径和贫氧推进剂配方对嵌银丝发动机燃速的影响。结果表明 ,嵌银丝贫氧推进剂的燃烧过程由初始工作段、稳定工作段和结束段组成 ;采用较粗的银丝 (0 3mm和0 4mm)可以显著提高贫氧推进剂的燃速 ;提高贫氧推进剂的基础燃速也是提高嵌银丝贫氧推进剂燃速的有效方法之一。     

油改气汽车火灾原因分析与防范措施

介绍了“油改气”汽车的概念及分类，从改装工艺、关键零部件质量、监督验审、燃气质量等几个方面详细分析了“油改气”汽车的火灾原因，重点就控制燃气泄漏，提出了完善法规体系、严格监督、驾驶人员自觉履行各项安全规程、提高燃气质量等火灾防范措施。